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Antoine Lavoisier
Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (also Antoine Lavoisier after the French Revolution; 26 August 17438 May 1794;〔(Lavoisier, le parcours d'un scientifique révolutionnaire ) CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)〕 (:ɑ̃twan lɔʁɑ̃ də lavwazje)) was a French nobleman and chemist central to the 18th-century chemical revolution and had a large influence on both the history of chemistry and the history of biology.〔
〕 He is widely considered in popular literature as the "father of modern chemistry".〔"More recently, he has been dubbed the "father of modern nutrition", as being the first to discover the metabolism that occurs inside the human body. (Lavoisier, Antoine. )" ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 24 July 2007.〕 This label, however, is more a product of Lavoisier's eminent skill as a self-promoter and underplays his dependence on the instruments, experiments, and ideas of other chemists.
It is generally accepted that Lavoisier's great accomplishments in chemistry largely stem from his changing the science from a qualitative to a quantitative one. Lavoisier is most noted for his discovery of the role oxygen plays in combustion. He recognized and named oxygen (1778) and hydrogen (1783) and opposed the phlogiston theory. Lavoisier helped construct the metric system, wrote the first extensive list of elements, and helped to reform chemical nomenclature. He predicted the existence of silicon (1787)〔In his table of the elements, Lavoisier listed five "salifiable earths" (i.e., ores that could be made to react with acids to produce salts (''salis'' = salt, in Latin)): ''chaux'' (calcium oxide), ''magnésie'' (magnesia, magnesium oxide), ''baryte'' (barium sulfate), ''alumine'' (alumina, aluminum oxide), and ''silice'' (silica, silicon dioxide). About these "elements", Lavoisier speculates: "We are probably only acquainted as yet with a part of the metallic substances existing in nature, as all those which have a stronger affinity to oxygen than carbon possesses, are incapable, hitherto, of being reduced to a metallic state, and consequently, being only presented to our observation under the form of oxyds, are confounded with earths. It is extremely probable that barytes, which we have just now arranged with earths, is in this situation; for in many experiments it exhibits properties nearly approaching to those of metallic bodies. It is even possible that all the substances we call earths may be only metallic oxyds, irreducible by any hitherto known process." – from (page 218 ) of: Lavoisier with Robert Kerr, trans., ''Elements of Chemistry'', ..., 4th ed. (Edinburgh, Scotland: William Creech, 1799). (The original passage appears in: Lavoisier, ''Traité Élémentaire de Chimie'', ... (Paris, France: Cuchet, 1789), vol. 1, (page 174 ).)〕 and was also the first to establish that sulfur was an element (1777) rather than a compound.〔C.Michael Hogan. 2011. (''Sulfur''. Encyclopedia of Earth, eds. A. Jorgensen and C.J.Cleveland, National Council for Science and the environment, Washington DC )〕 He discovered that, although matter may change its form or shape, its mass always remains the same.
Lavoisier was a powerful member of a number of aristocratic councils, and an administrator of the ''Ferme Générale''. The ''Ferme générale'' was one of the most hated components of the ''Ancien Régime'' because of the profits it took at the expense of the state, the secrecy of the terms of its contracts, and the violence of its armed agents. All of these political and economic activities enabled him to fund his scientific research. At the height of the French Revolution, he was accused by Jean-Paul Marat of selling adulterated tobacco and of other crimes, and was eventually guillotined a year after Marat's death.
==Biography==
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